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Hernndez, D. Cianzio y T. Olson]  Objetivos del estudio:  Evaluar la respuesta fisiolgica de animales Brahman, Charbray y Senepol a las calurosas condiciones climticas de la isla Estudiar el comportamiento al apacentar en relacin a cambios en la temperatura diurna.  El estudio se llev a cabo:(  En la Estacin Experimental en Isabela, costa norte de Puerto Rico Meses de julio - noviembre En tres aos, 1992, 1993, y 1994 Tres razas, Charbray, Brahman y Senepol Z  *15-17 novillas por raza, de un ao de edad* Las novillas pastaron juntas cercados con predominancia de pasto Guinea (Panicum maximum, sp) en un sistema de rotacin semanal a una carga de 0.85 novilla/acre Los datos fueron tomados cada 15 das, de 10 am a 2 pm :I+ < Variables registradas WAnimal Peso vivo Ritmo respiratorio Temperatura rectal Comportamiento al apacentar*ZPZPW  Ambiente Temperatura bajo el sol y en la sombra, con termmetros de bulbo seco (regular) y negro Indice de temperatura-humedad (calculado)P  1 * " 'Temperatura Rectal y Ritmo Respiratorio' :Promedio de temperatura rectal de novillas, por raza y ao: ? .Temperatura ambiental y rectal de las novillas. @:Temperatura ambiental y ritmo respiratorio de las novillas: B1Cambios en el peso vivo de las novillas, por raza1 $ 5 Apacentamiento de las novillas por hora, segn raza 5 & 6 Porcentaje por hora de novillas en sombra, segn raza6 7 ]Efecto de la temperatura con bulbo negro en el porcentaje de novillas apacentando, segn raza(^V ] P Conclusiones XEl estudio demuestra la capacidad de la raza Senepol de tolerancia y buen comportamiento en las condiciones climticas, hmedas y calientes, del norte de Puerto Rico. El ganado Senepol emerge como una alternativa interesante para ser considerada como raza pura o en sistemas de cruces para mejorar la produccin de carne bovina en el trpico.*Y           Q Thank you allMuchas gracias Grazie mile0/l EGHI J L M NO  ` f3Eh` ff` MMMwww` ff3f3>?" dd@,?nKd@  d @nK` d n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> p h   (  T 1  "1  S BC1DEF ?Z B 0Z @1  S BB C DEF?rA r @\   S B+ C DEF?v*  v @   S BCIDEF??H\ @ I  Ngֳgֳ ?"  T Click to edit Master title style! !   Zh1 ?"``  Z* 2    Z1 ?"`   \*(2    Z|1 ?"`   \*(2Z    f41 ?"   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S`  Hd޽h? ? ff3f3 Blue Diagonalg     0  (  T 1  "1  S BC1DEF ?Z B 0Z @1  S BB C DEF?rA r @\   S B+ C DEF?v*  v @   S BCIDEF??H\ @ I  NPsgֳgֳ ?"  T Click to edit Master title style! !  Hhgֳgֳ ?"` @   W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $   Zn1 ?"``  ^* 2   Z(n1 ?"`  n `*(2   Zhn1 ?"`  n `*(2`  Hd޽h? ? ff3f3 0 0*(    0^ P    X*   0`c     Z* d  c $ ?    0f  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6p `P   X*   6q `   Z* H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.`7_ @4(  4 4 0' P    X*  4 0+     Z*  4 6+ `P   X*  4 62 `   Z* H 4 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.P_  0(  x  c $T"n n x  c $#n` @  n N  6޽h ? f3Eh  @($(  (r ( S @9n  n r ( S 9n   n H ( 0޽h ? ff3f3  P@$(  @r @ S H?n  n r @ S @n   n H @ 0޽h ? ff3f3  `D$(  Dr D S ;   r D S t    H D 0޽h ? ff3f3^  pT(  Tr T S l(  lr 9l S \n  n  :l0 BA ? `  n >l # ln1? @  CH l 0޽h ? ff3f3   %ǘ3(  r  S dn  n t   ǘ #"&Ke1   # lQ=1?f  j40.0  @`  # lY=1?* f  j39.4  @`  # la=1?V f *  j39.1  @`   # lh=1?f V  g9  @`   # lp=1?f  h31  @`  # lx=1? f  j39.7  @`  # l=1?*  f  j39.3  @`  # l4=1?V  * f  j39.1  @`   # ld=1? V f  h11  @`   # l@}=1? f  h30  @`  # l=1?  j39.4  @`  # l=1?*   j39.2  @`  # l=1?V *   j38.9  @`   # l=1?V   g4  @`   # l=1?  h29  @`   # l81? nHolstein    @`   # l1?*  nBrahman     @`   # lE1?V *  mSenepol  @`#  # lp1?V  Temperatura Rectal (C)   @`  # lV1? V  {No. de observa-ciones  @`  # l^1?  zTemp. Ambiente (C)  @`~B  N) ?  ~B " N) ?B # T1 ? B P To ?f B Q To ? f B g To ? f B | To ?f B  T1 ?B t To ? B ( To ? B h To ? ~B  N1 ?~B  N1 ?V H  0޽h ? ff3f3    %E(  r  S =  = t   #"&n  # ld1?J  j94.5  @`  # lDz1? J  j42.6  @`  # lh1? J   j56.5  @`   # l1?J  g8  @`   # l1?J  h31  @`  # l1? J  j73.7  @`  # l1? J  j38.2  @`  # l@1?  J  j51.6  @`   # ld1? J  g9  @`   # l1? J  h30  @`  # l1?  j70.4  @`  # l1?   j36.5  @`  # l1?   j49.6  @`   # l1?  g7  @`   # l 1?  h29  @`   # lL1?* nHolstein    @`   # l81? * nBrahman     @`   # l1? *  mSenepol  @`)  # ld1? * Rtmo Respiratorio (insp./min.)    @`  # l1?  {No. de observa-ciones  @`  # lT=1? {Temp. Ambiental (C)  @`~B  N) ?~B " N) ?B # T1 ?B ( T1 ?*B A To ? J B I To ? J B K To ?J B S To ?J B ^ T1 ?B 5 To ? B ? To ? B  T1 ? **B  T1 ?*H  0޽h ? ff3f3!   I!A!% (  r  S ླྀ   ' t    #"&H  ~ # l=1? R  @`% . # l=1?   0.58,   @`# , # l=1?*   57,   @`$ * # l 1?V *  280,   @`  ( # lp1? V  i223  @` & # l1?   kBrahman  @`%  # l1?  0.28,   @`#  # l¸1?*  28,   @`$  # lø1?V *  258,   @`   # lѸ1? V  i230  @`R  # lҸ1?  .Holstein 1,2, Medias en la columna (P<0.05)/ % (    @`%  # l1?  0.46,   @`#  # l(1?*   47,   @`$  # lH1?V *  308,   @`   # l1?V  i261  @`  # l1?  kSenepol  @`8   # lX 1? 0------------------------kg----------------------110  @`  # l1?  tAumento diario  @`  # l1?*  uAumento de peso  @`  # lP$1?V *  p Peso final     @`  # l4-1? V  r Peso inicial     @`  # l041?  uRaza de novilla  @`~B  N) ?  ~B  N) ?B  To ? B " To ? B = To ? B E To ?B G To ? B I To ?  B Q To ?  B S To ? B [ To ? ~B  N1 ?H  0޽h ? ff3f3    @(  r  S     0 BA ?    T  <d޽h ? ff3f3  @(  r  S 8C    0 BA ? M  H  0޽h ? ff3f3  @(  r  S  G    0 BA ? 1e  H  0޽h ? ff3f3  $(  r  S J   r  S K    T  <d޽h ? ff3f3 $(  r  S O  r  S P`    H  0޽h ? ff3f35 0  (  X  C      S  @   Thank you Mr. Chairman. It is a pleasure for me to be here to present a technical report we did on Senepol. This is the second time that I share with the Senepol people in this kind of activity. The first one was back in 1987 at the First International Senepol Symposium held in this place. During those years I was very fortunate to meet people of the human quality as a Mario Gasperi, Caroline and Kiko, Hans Laweatz father and brother Fritz, Oscar Henry, Cedric Nelthropp and other nice people. All of them relate to the Senepol. That is the reason why I have to be here to contribute to your efforts for the Senepol. The study I will report today was part of a graduate student thesis, under my direction and with the support and collaboration of Tim Olson. In fact, this study was the Puerto Rico component of a regional project that started at the University of Florida at Gainesville.  c0\v. 2Q" H  0޽h ? ̙33J 0  P,(  ,X , C     , S = @   jWhen Tim and I started to talk in this subject, we were puzzled about the response of the Senepol cattle to the hot environment. We have in Puerto Rico temperate and tropically originated breeds. Therefore and with these ideas in mind, we decided to evaluate the Senepol breed respect to Holstein and Brahman under the tropical conditions of Puerto Rico. j H , 0޽h ? ̙33 0 e]`H(  HX H C    ] H S F @   The climate in Puerto Rico is defined by an average annual rain of 1580 mm, and average temperature of 25C. July to November are the hottest months in the island, and we wanted to evaluate and compare the 3 breeds under the toughest climatic conditions. We repeated it for 3 years, to have the opporturnity to experience a variaiton of climatic conditions in different years, and to increase the number of heifers per breed that were evaluated.  H H 0޽h ? ̙33 0 iapL(  LX L C    a L S LR @   We used 15-17 yearling heifers per breed. The Holstein heifers were daughters of cows born and raised in Puerto Rico, inseminated with semen imported from the U.S. Senepol and Brahman heifers were also born and raised in Puerto Rico, and conceived in the island with local bulls of each breed. Brahman heifers came from collaborator farmers, Holstein from the Agricultural College dairies and the Senepol from the Beef Teaching herd and collaborators.  H L 0޽h ? ̙33 0 vn(  X  C    n  S [ @   Live weight changes was measured every 15 days during 100 days of grazing period. Respiratory rhythm was estimated by counting the number of inspirations during 15 seconds and expressed as inspiration/minute. Rectal temperature was measured with a special thermometer with a probe 5 inches long. Temperature was measured at the beginning and at the end of the recording data period; and average was estimated for the day. Heifers were brought from the field one hour earlier to rest before data recording started. Index Temperature-Humidity was calculated according with McDowell, 1972, which includes both, temperatures with dry and wet bulbs. Grazing behavior was observed in the last year (1994) of the study, from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm every 15 days. In this regard, we register the number of heifers per breed, not the heifer ID, that were grazing or resting under sun or shade and the data was expressed as a percentage of breed total. 6 jH  0޽h ? ̙33   0 ](  X  C      S (e @   _1,2,3 means in the same column were highly significant different (P<0.001) Senepol heifers had less rectal temperature and were intermediate in respiratory rhythm. It is important to note that Holstein breath at a rhythm 2 times faster than Brahman and 1.5 faster than Senepol. ,KH  0޽h ? ̙33[ 0 (  X  C      S v @   wThe graph shows the consistency thru the years in rectal temperature. The Senepol always had less rectal temperature. K%H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 f^(  X  C    ^  S { @   This chart shows the response in rectal temperature related to changes in the ambient (dry bulb) one. Two things are worth to indicate: First, for our study, 30C seems to be the critical ambient temperature for the three breeds, and second, the increment the Holstein experienced above 30C, while in the Senepol and Brahman heifers remained constant, particularly in the Senepol. ( ,3;H  0޽h ? ̙33 0 @(  X  C      S  @   BWhen we look at the same temperature distribution for respiratory rhythm, changes are more dramatic. Again, 30C seems to be the critical mark. The increment for the Holstein was 28% in respiration rate in comparison to 9.5% for the Senepol and 11.5% for the Brahman. Absolute numbers indicate that at 31C, Holstein breathed at a rhythm 2.2 and 1.7 inspiration/minute faster than Brahman and Senepol. Breaths of the Holstein were shallow and intense. (o[ ,7H  0޽h ? ̙33 0 yq (  X  C    q  S  @   1,2, Means are significantly different (P<0.05). The better heat tolerance traits have to be reflected in improved productivity, either growth, reproduction or feed efficiency. Otherwise, they would have much less importance in beef production. H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 c[(  X  C    [  S   @   Grazing behavior showed interesting aspects. In this graph, Senepol and Holstein have a similar grazing pattern, resting or ruminating at noon time; Brahman grazed steadily during the day. ={H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 `X(  X  C    X  S | @   When we look at this graph, only Holstein spent more time out of the sun, particularly during the hottest hours of the day. Senepol and Brahman remained longer under the sun. How do we conciliate the two graphs in respect to the Senepol? The answer is not easy. Perhaps the Senepol spent less time grazing at noon but remained under the sun, resting or ruminating while the Holstein did it under shade. >}b(|H  0޽h ? ̙333  0 (  X  C      S  @   When black bulb temperature surpasses 37C, Holstein heifers went under shade, stopped grazing. Less than 20% of Holstein heifers grazed above 39C in comparison to 60 and 70% of the Senepol and Brahman, respectively. 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Hernndez, D. Cianzio y T.          . .72  A.I. Hernndez, D. Cianzio y T.          . .2 8Olson . .2 7Olson .--"System-&TNPP & ՜.+,0    ( GOn-screen ShowColegio Ciencia Agrcolas UPRal+c  Times New Roman WingdingsBlue DiagonalMicrosoft Graph 2000 Chart/Comportamiento fisiolgico y de apacentamientoObjetivos del estudio:El estudio se llev a cabo:+15-17 novillas por raza, de un ao de edadVariables registradas(Temperatura Rectal y Ritmo Respiratorio;Promedio de temperatura rectal de novillas, por raza y ao/Temperatura ambiental y rectal de las novillas;Temperatura ambiental y ritmo respiratorio de las novillas2Cambios en el peso vivo de las novillas, por raza6 Apacentamiento de las novillas por hora, segn raza 7 Porcentaje por hora de novillas en sombra, segn raza^Efecto de la temperatura con bulbo negro en el porcentaje de novillas apacentando, segn raza ConclusionesThank you all  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles#_: Bob GodfreyBob Godfrey  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PicturesA(Current UserSummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(:DocumentSummaryInformation8